In this article, we present a Japanese female case of cutaneous small vessel vasculitis (CSVV) after administration of oral azathioprine (AZA).
A 56-year-old Japanese woman with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis developed a dry cough three years after the diagnosis and was referred to our hospital for further assessment. Skin thickening of her fingers and forearms was observed, but neither erythema nor purpura was present. Serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was 0.1 mg/dL, and anti-nuclear antibody was positive (1:1,280 with nucleolar and discrete speckled pattern); anti-centromere, anti-Scl-70, anti-RNA polymerase III, and myeloperoxidase- and proteinase 3-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies were negative. Computed tomography revealed a mild interstitial pneumonia. She received oral cyclophosphamide 50 mg per day for the treatment of skin and pulmonary involvement, as she refused intravenous cyclophosphamide therapy. Since oral cyclophosphamide for one year had no effect on the pulmonary involvement, it was discontinued, and the patient was switched to daily oral AZA 50 mg the next day. Ten days after the administration of AZA, she developed palpable and painful erythema on both extremities (Figure 1a, b). Serum CRP level was elevated to 13.8 mg/dL, while complete blood count, serum transaminase, and creatinine levels remained unchanged. Skin biopsy was performed, and AZA was discontinued. The biopsy revealed leukocytoclastic vasculitis in the dermis, consistent with CSVV (Figure 1c-f). One week after cessation of AZA, her erythema almost completely resolved, and serum CRP level decreased to 0.83 mg/dL. Due to the immediate improvement after cessation of AZA, she was diagnosed with CSVV associated with AZA, and oral cyclosporine was administrated. She had no recurrence of erythema and developed no signs of systemic vasculitis for five years. Subsequent genotyping of nucleoside diphosphate-linked moiety X-type motif 15 (NUDT15) codon 139 showed an Arg/Arg genotype.
Although various AZA-associated cutaneous adverse events have been reported so far, only a few reports of CSVV have been published. Appelman and Wintzen[1] described a woman with Crohn’s disease who developed pruritus and CSVV due to AZA. Intriguingly, this patient was using AZA for two years, but vasculitis occurred after the daily dose of AZA was doubled. Beckett et al.[2] also described a man with immune thrombocytopenia presenting with fever and CSVV nine days after AZA administration. The typical onset of CSVV after exposure to a trigger such as a drug is seven to 10 days.[3] The time from AZA administration to onset in our case was consistent with previous reports. However, unlike Appelman and Wintzen’s[1] report, the dose of AZA was low. Although she did not approve drug challenge tests to delineate the nature of the AZA adverse event, she had a total score of 8 on the Naranjo scale, estimating the probability of adverse drug reactions, indicating a probable adverse reaction to AZA.[4]
Adverse events associated with AZA can be divided into two categories: dose-dependent toxic effects and dose-independent hypersensitivity reactions.[5] The former type includes leukocytopenia, and a variant in NUDT15 codon 139 predicts severe leukopenia rather than thiopurine S-methyltransferase deficiency, particularly in Japanese individuals.[6] Adverse events of AZA associated with genotypes of codon 139 are shown in Table 1.[6] Our patient had an Arg/Arg genotype, which carries a low risk for leukopenia frequently found in Japanese. Triggering of the adverse event following low-dose AZA and genotyping of NUDT15 codon 139 suggested that the CSVV in our patient occurred via an allergic or non-allergic hypersensitivity reaction. In conclusion, clinicians should be aware of CSVV as an unusual adverse event following administration of AZA, an immunosuppressive agent used to treat vasculitis syndrome.
